RESUMO: O coco é uma fruta cultivada em mais de 80 países e devido ao seu excelente valor nutricional e biológico é uma importante cultura para a indústria alimentícia. Assim, desenvolver novos produtos à base de coco é atrativo para explorar os benefícios proporcionados por microrganismos e melhorar a composição nutricional e bioativa de produtos de coco, como na preparação de bebidas fermentadas. Este estudo desenvolveu e caracterizou uma bebida à base de coco seco com o prebiótico frutooligossacarídeo, fermentada pelo probiótico Lactobacillus casei. A bebida foi formulada, filtrada, fermentada, maturada e armazenada sob refrigeração (4 °C) por 28 dias; além de avaliada em relação às suas características físicas, químicas, antioxidantes e microbiológicas. Quando comparada à amostra padrão não-fermentada ao longo do armazenamento, a bebida fermentada apresentou variações significativas (P < 0.05) para cor instrumental, acidez e pH, enquanto as alterações para sólidos solúveis e índice de estabilidade foram observadas a partir do 7° dia de armazenamento. Em relação à composição química, todos os parâmetros variaram significativamente após o processo fermentativo. O teor de compostos fenólicos totais e capacidade antioxidante aumentaram significativamente após a fermentação. Reduções significativas foram observadas (P < 0,05) na viabilidade do Lactobacillus casei após a exposição às condições do trato gastrointestinal, com as seguintes contagens (em UFC mL-1) após 0 e 28 dias de armazenamento: - inicial: 9,23 ± 0.04 e 9,05 ± 0,12; após a fase gástrica: 6,21 ± 0,09 e 5,90 ± 0,01; e após a fase intestinal: 4,59 ± 0,33 e 4,75 ± 0,23, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT: Coconut is a fruit grown in more than 80 countries owing to its outstanding nutritional and biological value and it is an important crop for the food industry” por “Coconut is a fruit grown in more than 80 countries and owing to its outstanding nutritional and biological value and it is an important crop for the food industry. Thus, developing new coconut-based products is attractive to explore the benefits provided by microorganisms and improve the nutritional and bioactive composition of coconut products, such as by preparing fermented beverages. This study developed and characterize a drink based on dry coconut with the prebiotic fructooligosaccharide fermented by the probiotic Lactobacillus casei. The drink was formulated, filtered, fermented, matured, and stored under refrigeration (4 °C) for 28 days; it was evaluated for its physical, chemical, antioxidant, and microbiological characteristics. Compared to the standard non-fermented sample during storage, the fermented drink showed significant variations (P < 0.05) in instrumental color, acidity, and pH, while changes in soluble solids and stability index were observed after 7 days of storage. Regarding the chemical composition, all parameters varied significantly after fermentation. The total phenolic compound content and antioxidant capacity increased significantly after fermentation. Significant reductions were observed (P < 0.05) in the viability of Lactobacillus casei after exposure to gastrointestinal tract conditions, with the following counts (in log CFU mL-1) after 0 and 28 days of storage: - initial: 9.23 ± 0.04 and 9.05 ± 0.12; after the gastric phase: 6.21 ± 0.09 and 5.90 ± 0.01; and after the intestinal phase: 4.59 ± 0.33 and 4.75 ± 0.23, respectively.

Abstract “mora de Castilla” is a native shrub of the Andean tropics and can be found in Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, and other countries of this region. In Colombia, this fruit is cultivated by small producers and is an important source of income and rural employment. “mora de Castilla” is in great demand for domestic consumption as well as for export because it can be consumed fresh or processed and because of its extraordinary organoleptic and nutritional attributes. Risaralda is one of the departments in which Rubus glaucus Benth. is cultivated; there, plants with and without prickles are widely distributed. Although some studies have been carried out on these cultivars, it is necessary to evaluate and compare some of their attributes as an approach to recognize potential uses in agribusiness. Therefore, a physicochemical characterization was performed, the vitamin C content was evaluated, the amount and profile of anthocyanins were determined, and the antioxidant capacity of fruits of “mora de Castilla” with and without prickles was analyzed. The physicochemical parameters evaluated were weight, pH, soluble solids and titratable acidity. The content of vitamin C was evaluated using the 2-nitroaniline spectrophotometric method, and anthocyanins were evaluated using 2 methods: spectrophotometry (pH differential) and chromatography (HPLC). Finally, the antioxidant capacity was determined using the FRAP and DPPH methods. Significant differences were found between the municipalities as well as between the materials with and without prickles with regard to antioxidant capacity and vitamin C and anthocyanin content, with the highest values for fruits grown in the municipality of Pereira, Risaralda. The results obtained indicate that “mora de Castilla” with and without prickles is a fruit of high quality and promise because of its high content of bioactive compounds (vitamin C and anthocyanins), its relevant function as an antioxidant and its valuable organoleptic attributes.

Resumo A “mora de Castilla” é um arbusto nativo dos trópicos andinos que pode ser encontrado na Côlombia, Equador, México e em outros países desta região. Na Côlombia,esta fruta é cultivada por pequenos produtores e é uma importante fonte de renda e deempregos na zona rural. A “mora de Castilla” é muito procurada tanto para consumo interno,quanto para exportação, já que pode ser consumida fresca ou processada, devido aos seusextraordinários atributos organolépticos e nutritivos. Risaralda é um dos departamentos que cultiva Rubus glaucus Benth, sendo aí os materiais com e sem espinhos amplamentedistribuídos. Embora alguns estudos tenham sido realizados com essas lavouras, é necessário avaliare comparar alguns de seus atributos, como uma abordagem para reconhecer potenciais usosna agroindústria. Para isso, realizou-se uma caracterização físico-química, avaliou-se o teor de vitamina C, determinaram-se a quantidade e o perfil de antocianinas e analisou-se acapacidade antioxidante da “mora de Castilla” com e sem espinhos, cultivada nos municípios de Guática,Pereira e Santa Rosa, do departamento de Risaralda. Os parâmetrosfísico-químicos avaliados foram: peso, pH, sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável. O teor de vitamina C foiavaliado usando o método espectrofotométrico de 2-nitroanilina, e as antocianinas foram avaliadas por dois métodos: um espectrofotométrico (pH diferencial) e um cromatográfico (HPLC).Finalmente,a capacidade antioxidante foi determinada usando os métodos FRAP e DPPH. Foramencontradas diferenças significativas entre os municípios, assim como entre os materiaiscom e sem espinhos para a capacidade antioxidante e também para o teor de vitamina C e antocianinas, apresentando seus valores mais elevados para município de Pereira. Osresultados obtidos indicam que a “mora de Castilla”, com e sem espinhos, é uma fruta de qualidadee promissora devido ao seu alto teor de compostos bioativos (vitamina C e antocianinas),sua relevante função como antioxidante e seus valiosos atributos organolépticos.

Resumen La guayaba (Psidium guajava) se puede caracterizar por su diversidad genética y sus cualidades morfológicas, fisicoquímicas y biológicas, las cuales dependen de factores exógenos como: cultivo agronómico, época de cosecha y madurez. Caracterizada por su contenido de carbohidratos (13.2%), grasas (0.53%), proteínas (0.88%) y gran contenido de humedad (84.9%). Es importante caracterizar la guayaba ‘media china’ cultivada en el municipio de Juárez, Michoacán, con el objetivo de mejorar características morfológicas, fisicoquímicas, biológicas, nutritivas y variables estadísticas en control de calidad para correlacionarlas a la posibilidad de industrializarla y comercio internacional. Para tal fin, se utilizó la metodología sistémica de los ‘diagramas de bloques de confiabilidad’ que incluyó muestreo aleatorio de la guayaba para estudio, en el que se determina: peso, diámetros longitudinal, transversal, pulpa, espesor y pH. Se obtuvieron; media aritmética, varianza y desviación estándar, variables para graficar y comparar con normas establecidas para comercio nacional e internacional. Como resultado se encontró que, la guayaba procedente del municipio de Juárez, Michoacán, presentó los mejores resultados en su caracterización. La guayaba cultivada en la huerta del municipio de Calvillo en el estado de Aguascalientes presentó resultados menores, se observó que fue superada la calidad por la fruta de Juárez Michoacán. Las características en tamaño, apariencia visual, contenido de semilla del fruto, observadas en las muestras compiten con las de las variedades comerciales. El análisis de esta investigación infiere las siguientes conclusiones: el sistema productivo del cultivo en el estado de Michoacán y Aguascalientes, están en condiciones de ofertar guayaba de buena calidad para su comercialización nacional e internacional, debido a las buenas prácticas agrícolas aplicadas y su registro al Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria de la Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal de la Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural.

Abstract Guava (Psidium guajava) can be characterized by its genetic diversity and its morphological, physicochemical and biological attributes, which depend on exogenous factors such as: agronomic cultivation, harvest season and maturity. Characterized by its content of carbohydrates (13.2%), fats (0.53%), proteins (0.88%) and high moisture content (84.9%). It is important to characterize the ‘media china’ guava grown in the municipality of Juárez, Michoacán, with the aim of improving morphological, physicochemical, biological and nutritional characteristics and statistical variables in quality control to correlate them to the possibility of industrializing it and international trade. For this purpose, the systemic methodology of ‘reliability block diagrams’ was used, which included random sampling of guava for study, in which the following are determined: weight, longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, pulp, thickness and pH. The following were obtained: arithmetic mean, variance and standard deviation, variables to graph and compare with established standards for national and international trade. As a result, it was found that guava from the municipality of Juárez, Michoacán showed the best results in its characterization. The guava grown in the orchard of the municipality of Calvillo in the state of Aguascalientes presented lower results, it was observed that the quality was exceeded by the fruit of Juárez, Michoacán. The characteristics in size, visual appearance, seed content of the fruit, observed in the samples compete with those of commercial varieties. The analysis of this research infers the following conclusions: the productive system of the crop in the state of Michoacán and Aguascalientes is in a position to offer guava of good quality for national and international trade, due to the good agricultural practices applied and its registration in the National Service of Health, Safety and Agrifood Quality of the General Directorate of Plant Health of the Secretariat of Agriculture and Rural Development.

Abstract Grapes have been produced successfully in semiarid regions, but fruit quality may be affected by rootstock selection. In this study, the ‘Isabel Precoce’ grape variety was cultivated onto three different rootstocks (‘IAC 572’, ‘IAC 766’, and ‘IAC 313’), and the physicochemical traits of fruits were evaluated at 14, 19, 21 and 28 days after veraison skin. The results showed that bunches increased significantly in weight and color until 19 days after veraison. In addition, grapes accumulated soluble solids, sugars, and anthocyanins during 28 days of ripening. Moreover, the rootstock used affected bunch length, pulp firmness, and the sugar and anthocyanin contents, but it did not influence skin coloring. In conclusion, ‘Isabel Precoce’ grapes reached maximum weight at 24 days after veraison and maximum soluble solids content, titratable acidity/soluble solids ratio, anthocyanins, and total soluble sugars at 28 days. Fruit on the ‘IAC 313’ and ‘IAC 766’ rootstocks had higher total soluble solids and anthocyanins at 28 days after veraison than ‘IAC 572’. ‘Isabel Precoce grapes’ produced in semiarid conditions showed good quality for fresh marketing and for wine production.

Resumen Se han producido uvas con éxito en regiones semiáridas, pero la calidad de la fruta puede verse afectada por el porta injerto utilizado. La uva ‘Isabel Precoce’ se cultivó sobre tres porta injertos diferentes (‘IAC 572’, ‘IAC 766’ e ‘IAC 313’) y se evaluaron las características fisicoquímicas de los frutos a los 14, 19, 21 y 28 días después del envero (cuando los frutos empiezan a madurar y la piel a colorear). Los resultados mostraron que los racimos aumentaron de peso y el color de la piel cambió significativamente hasta 19 días después del envero. Además, las uvas acumularon sólidos solubles, azúcares y antocianinas durante 28 días de maduración post-envero. El porta injerto utilizado afectó la longitud del racimo, la firmeza de la pulpa y el contenido de azúcar y antocianinas, pero no influyó en la coloración de la piel. En conclusión, la uva ‘Isabel Precoce’ alcanzó el peso máximo a los 24 días del envero y la máxima calidad en contenido de sólidos solubles, relación sólidos solubles /acidez titulable, antocianinas y azúcares solubles totales a los 28 días. Los porta injertos ‘IAC 313’ e ‘IAC 766’ produjeron uvas con más azúcares solubles totales y antocianinas a los 28 días después del envero que ‘IAC 572’.

Resumo A maçã de cera, ou jambu madu, é uma fruta tropical não climatérica da família Myrtaceae e amplamente cultivada no Sudeste Asiático. A disponibilidade limitada de mudas de macieira de boa qualidade é o principal problema para o desenvolvimento de sua participação de mercado na fruticultura atual. Portanto, com o objetivo de produzir materiais de plantio de boa qualidade, foi realizado um estudo visando otimizar a técnica de propagação e enraizamento adventício e a sobrevivência da camada aérea da cera de macieira. Neste estudo, quatro diferentes níveis de concentração de ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) (0, 1000, 1500 e 2000 mg L-1) e três meios de enraizamento (musgo esfagno, vermicomposto e solo de jardim) foram aplicados após a remoção da casca (floema) na parte aérea para determinar o efeito no enraizamento e capacidade de sobrevivência da camada de ar da macieira em condições de campo. Os resultados mostraram que os brotos de macieira tratados com 2000 mg L-1 de AIB produziram significativamente maior número de raízes, maior comprimento de raiz, diâmetro de galho, comprimento de galho, número de folhas e área foliar das camadas aéreas. Além disso, o maior teor de clorofila e abertura estomática foram registrados no tratamento 2000 mg L-1 IBA em comparação com outros tratamentos, incluindo o controle. O meio de vermicomposto foi melhor do que o solo de jardim e o musgo esfagno em relação ao enraizamento e capacidade de sobrevivência das camadas aéreas. Os resultados mostraram que a combinação de 2000 mg L-1 de AIB e vermicomposto como meio de enraizamento proporciona a melhor combinação para iniciação radicular, número de raízes, comprimento radicular e taxa de sobrevivência (100%) das camadas aéreas de macieira. A partir deste estudo, pode-se concluir que 2.000 mg L-1 de AIB e tratamento com vermicomposto melhoram a iniciação radicular, o estabelecimento precoce e a capacidade de sobrevivência de macieiras em camadas de ar em condições de campo.

Abstract The wax apple or jambu madu, is a non-climacteric tropical fruit from Myrtaceae family and widely cultivated in South East Asia. The limited availability of good quality seedlings of wax apple is the main problem to development of flourish it’s market share in the current fruit industry. Therefore, in order to produce good quality planting materials, a study aimed at optimizing propagation and adventitious rooting technique and survivability of wax apple air layer was conducted. In this study, four different levels of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) concentration (0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg L-1) and three rooting media (sphagnum moss, vermicompost and garden soil) were applied after removal of bark (phloem) on the shoot to determine the effect on rooting and survivability of the wax apple air layer under field conditions. The results showed that the wax apple shoots treated with 2000 mg L-1 IBA produced the significantly higher number of roots, increased length of root, diameter of branch, length of branch, number of leaf and leaf area of air layers. In addition, the highest chlorophyll content and stomatal aperture were recorded in 2000 mg L-1 IBA treatment compared to other treatments including control. Vermicompost medium was better than garden soil and sphagnum moss in respect of rooting and survivability of air layers. The results showed that the combination of 2000 mg L-1 IBA and vermicompost as rooting media give the best combination to root initiation, root number, root length and survival rate (100%) of wax apple air layers. From this study, it can be concluded that 2000 mg L-1 IBA and vermicompost treatment enhance the root initiation, early establishment and survivability of wax apple air layered under field conditions.

RESUMEN La calabaza (Cucurbita maxima), también llamada auyama es una fruta de consumo masivo, utilizada en transformaciones agroindustriales para la obtención de nuevos productos alimenticios. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades físicas, fisiológicas y fisicoquímica durante a un periodo de almacenamiento de 42 días y nutricionales de las fracciones del fruto recién cosechado. Para las coordenadas del color CIEL*a*b*, los valores de L* y a* tanto para la pulpa y cáscara no presentaron cambios significativos durante el tiempo de almacenamiento evaluado, pero sí presentó cambios en los valores de b* en la cáscara del fruto. Además, se observó una disminución en la firmeza-fuerza de 10,8% en el fruto con cáscara y en la pulpa de 19,8%, con una pérdida peso de fruto entero del 2,33% y una tasa de respiración promedio de 6,9 mg CO2 kg-1 h-1. De acuerdo a las características fisicoquímicas evaluadas en la pulpa del fruto, pH, porcentaje de humedad, acidez, actividad de agua y sólidos solubles totales no se presentaron cambios estadísticamente significativos durante el tiempo de almacenamiento. A nivel nutricional la auyama es una buena fuente de minerales, destacando la alta concentración de potasio en todas sus fracciones, y también en carotenoides totales (4,11 mg de β-caroteno g-1 (b.s.) en la pulpa y 6,24 mg de β-caroteno g-1 base seca (b.s.) en la cáscara). El fruto vegetal de la auyama bajo condiciones normales de almacenamiento presenta una baja tasa de respiración manteniendo sus características fisicoquímicas aptas para el consumo durante todo el periodo de evaluación, presentando condiciones adecuadas para el desarrollo de productos agroindustriales que permitan darle valor agregado durante el período de evaluación.

ABSTRACT Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), also called squash is a mass consumption fruit used in agro-industrial transformations to obtain new food products. This study aimed to evaluate the physical, physiological and physicochemical properties during a storage period of 42 days and the nutritional compounds of the freshly harvested fruit fractions. According to the CIEL*a*b* space, both the pulp and peel did not present significant changes in L* and a* values during the evaluated storage time; however, in the peel, a change in the b* values was evidenced. In addition, there was a decrease in the firmness of 10.8% in the fruit with peel and in the pulp, it was of 19.8% was observed, with a whole fruit weight loss of 2.33% and an average respiration rate of 6.9 mg CO2 kg-1h-1. According to physicochemical characteristics evaluated in the pulp, the values of pH, percentage of humidity, acidity, water activity and total soluble solids had no statistically significant changes occurred during the storage time. At the nutritional level, pumpkin is a good source of minerals, with a high concentration of potassium in all its fractions, and also has in total carotenoids (4.11±1.6 mg of β-carotene g-1 oven dry (o.d) in pulp and 6.24±2.7 mg of β-carotene g-1 (o.d) in peel ). It was possible to conclude that the pumpkin has a low respiration rate, maintaining its physicochemical characteristics suitable for consumption throughout the evaluation period, presenting suitable conditions.

Resumen Esta investigación examinó el tiempo de maduración de la guayaba para proporcionar una base científica para una mejor cosecha y conservación de estas frutas. Se utilizaron métodos de investigación bioquímica para analizar los cambios en los parámetros fisio lógicos y bioquímicos de acuerdo con el crecimiento y desarrollo de la guayaba. El fruto tardó 14 semanas después de la antesis en alcanzar su tamaño máximo en cuanto a longitud y diámetro. El contenido de clorofila en la cáscara de guayaba alcanzó su punto máximo después de 10 semanas, disminuyendo hasta la semana 15. El contenido de carotenoides, que era bajo en la formación de la fruta, aumentó rápidamente hasta la maduración de la fruta, mientras que el contenido de vitamina C y azúcar reductor aumentó continuamente y alcanzó su punto máximo en la semana 14. Se observó un aumento gradual en el contenido de almidón y ácido orgánico total desde el inicio de la formación del fruto, con picos a las 10 semanas, seguido de una moderada tendencia a la baja. El contenido de pectina mostró la misma tendencia, ya que disminuyó gradualmente después de alcanzar su punto máximo a las 12 semanas. Las primeras 4 semanas mostraron un aumento en el contenido de taninos, que luego disminuyó. Los resultados del estudio muestran que la guayaba debe cosecharse después de la madurez fisiológica y antes de madurar por completo (14 semanas) para garantizar que el valor nutricional de la fruta se mantenga durante el almacenamiento.

Abstract This research examined the ripening time of guava fruit to provide a scientific basis for better harvesting and preservation of these fruits. Biochemical research methods were used to analyse changes in physiological and biochemical parameters according to the growth and development of guava fruit. The fruit took 14 weeks after anthesis to reach its maximum size in terms of length and diameter. The chlorophyll content in guava peel peaked after 10 weeks, decreasing until week 15. The content of carotenoids, which was low at fruit formation, rose rapidly until fruit ripening, while the vitamin C and reducing sugar contents increased continuously and peaked at week 14. A gradual increase was seen in the starch and total organic acid contents from the beginning of fruit formation, with peaks at 10 weeks, followed by a moderate downward trend. The pectin content showed the same trend, as it declined gradually after peaking at 12 weeks. The first 4 weeks showed an increase in the tannin content, which decreased afterward. The study results show that guava fruit should be harvested after physiological maturity and before ripening completely (14 weeks) to ensure that the nutritional value of the fruit is maintained during storage.

Resumo Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a interferência do cultivo de macieiras ‘Eva’ sob tela anti-granizo de diferentes cores, em comparação com o cultivo em pleno sol, sobre os atributos relativos ao vigor da planta, à produção e à qualidade de frutos. As avaliações foram realizadas durante as safras de 2017/2018 e 2018/2019 em pomar comercial localizado no município de Porto Amazonas-PR, Brasil. Os tratamentos consistiram em um controle (plantas sem cobertura) e plantas cobertas com telas antigranizo, nas cores branca, cristal (transparente) e preta. As variáveis avaliadas foram as seguintes: comprimento e diâmetro de ramo, altura da planta e diâmetro de tronco, tomadas para medidas de vigor da planta, bem como produção (kg planta-1), produtividade (kg ha-1) e número de frutos por planta, com vistas à caracterização do rendimento biológico da spécie cultivada, e ainda forma (altura e diâmetro) dos frutos, massa, ânguloHue, firmeza, sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável, para atestar a qualidade da fruta. Constatou-se que não ocorreram diferença de vigor e desenvolvimento da planta sob telados, em comparação com o cultivo sem tela de proteção. No entanto, a produção e a produtividade foram mais expressivas sob as telas cristal e branca, durante a segunda safra, demonstrando que a cultivar Eva pode produzir tão bem ou melhor que quando cultivada a céu aberto, mantendo-se as plantas mais protegidas de riscos climáticos relativos, como granizo, vento excessivo e queimadura de sol. A tela protetora na cor preta proporcionou impactos negativos sobre a coloração de frutos e a acidez titulável, tornando os frutos menos vermelhos e ácidos e, portanto, menos atraentes para consumo in natura.

Abstract The aim of the current research was to evaluate the impact of ‘Eva’ apple tress cultivation under nets with different colors as opposed to cultivation deprived of net treatment on the attributes related to the vigor of the plant, production and fruit quality. The evaluations were carried out during the 2017/18 and 2018/19 crop growing seasons at commercial production fields located in the municipality of Porto Amazonas, PR. The treatments in study consisted of a control (plants grown with no protecting net), along with plants protected by anti-hail nets of distinct colors such as white, crystal (transparent) and black. The following response variables were assessed herein: length and diameter of the branch, plant height and branch diameter as plant vigor measurements, crop production (kg plant-1) and yield (kg ha-1), and number of fruits per plant as to productive yield of the cropping system, as well as shape (height and diameter) of the fruits, mass, Hue angle, firmness, soluble solids and titratable acidity to test grade or fruit quality. There was no significant effect of protecting nets on both vigor and development of the plants. However, production and yield were consistently more expressive under crystal and white protecting nets throughout the second crop growing season. This demonstrated that ‘Eva’ apple trees were conducive to render as well as or even better than those plants bereft of protecting nets in view of the fact that the former treatments caused the plants to suffer less harmful impacts promoted by hail events, excess of wind, and sun burning disorders. The black anti-hail net resulted in negative outcomes as to coloration of the fruits in conjunction with titratable acidity, making them reddish and acidic and, therefore, less attractive for in natura commercial consumption.

Resumo Algumas das mudanças nos indicadores fisiológicos durante o crescimento e desenvolvimento da fruta lichia, cultivada no Vietnã, foram estudadas. O comprimento e o diâmetro dos frutos da lichia atingiram seus valores máximos 10 semanas após a antese. O conteúdo de clorofila na casca de lichia atingiu seu valor mais alto em 6 semanas e diminuiu rapidamente. O conteúdo de carotenoides foi baixo na formação dos frutos e aumentou rapidamente até o amadurecimento dos frutos. O teor de vitamina C e o teor de açúcar redutor aumentaram continuamente e atingiram um máximo em 10 semanas e depois diminuíram ligeiramente. O teor de amido e de lipídios atingiu o máximo quando a fruta tinha 8 semanas, e o teor de ácido orgânico total atingiu o máximo quando a fruta tinha 9 semanas e depois diminuiu gradativamente. O teor de proteína diminuiu desde a formação dos frutos até a sua maturação. Com base nesses resultados, verifica-se que a lichia deve ser colhida 10 semanas após a antese para garantir o valor nutricional da fruta durante o armazenamento.

Abstract Some of the changes in physiological indicators during the growth and development of litchi fruit grown in Vietnam were studied. The length and diameter of litchi fruits reached their maximum value at 10 weeks after anthesis. The content of chlorophyll in litchi peel reached its highest value at 6 weeks and decreased rapidly. The content of carotenoids was low in fruit formation and then increased rapidly until fruit ripening. The vitamin C content and reducing sugar content increased continuously and reached a maximum at 10 weeks and then decreased slightly. The starch content and lipid content reached a maximum when the fruit was 8 weeks, the total organic acid content reached a maximum when the fruit was 9 weeks and then gradually decreased. The protein content decreased from fruit formation until fruit ripening. Based on these results, we found that the litchi fruit should be harvested at 10 weeks after anthesis to ensure the nutritional value of the fruit during storage.

RESUMO Neste trabalho caracterizou-se a laranja Bahia de Lungundua, Bié, Angola. A mesma foi transformada a licor caseiro. Para a caracterização da fruta e do licor realizaram-se análises físico-químicas tais como: SST, pH, acidez titulavel, humidade, cinzas e teor alcoólico. Os dados relativos às variáveis estudadas foram submetidos à análise da variância e, as médias, comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05), utilizando o programa INFOSTAT. Alem disso foi feita a análise sensorial do licor por meio de teste de aceitação com 10 julgadores não treinados, utilizando a escala hedónica de cinco pontos. Os parâmetros físicos-químicos da fruta foram: 3,71 de pH; 5,003 g/100ml de ATT; 10°Brix de SST; 90,84% de humidade e 0,025% de cinzas. O estudo demostrou que o diferente nível de maturidade afecta mais os parâmetros físico-químicos que os físicos. O pequeno tamanho e peso e a elevada acidez da fruta sugerem transformar-lha a licor de adequada qualidade e com boa aceitação sensorial.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se caracterizó la naranja de Bahía de Lungundua, Bié, Angola. Se transformó en licor casero. Para la caracterización de frutas y licores se realizaron análisis físico-químicos, tales como: SST, pH, acidez titulable, humedad, cenizas y contenido alcohólico. Los datos relacionados con las variables estudiadas se sometieron a análisis de varianza y las medias se compararon mediante la prueba de Tukey (p <0,05), utilizando el programa INFOSTAT. Además, se realizó un análisis sensorial del licor mediante una prueba de aceptación con 10 jueces no capacitados, utilizando la escala hedónica de cinco puntos. Los parámetros físico-químicos del fruto fueron: 3,71 pH; 5,003 g / 100 ml de ATT; 10 ° Brix de SST; 90,84% de humedad y 0,025% de cenizas. El estudio mostró que el diferente nivel de madurez afecta más a los parámetros físico-químicos que a los físicos. El pequeño tamaño y peso y la alta acidez del fruto sugieren convertirlo en un licor de adecuada calidad y con buena aceptación sensorial.

Resumen La guayaba (Psidium guajava L.), es considerada fruta nutritiva, de naturaleza climatérica y altamente perecedera. Esta fruta es cultivada en Santander y Boyacá, es usada en un 90% en la agroindustria por ende, las pérdidas poscosecha de la fruta afectan la economía de la región. Como estrategia para prolongar la vida útil de la fruta, se desarrolló un tratamiento poscosecha basado en la encapsulación de citral 3 mM en nanocontenedores liposomales compuestos de ácido 10,12-pentacosadiinoico y Lecitina. La caracterización de los nanocontenedores liposomales encapsulando citral se realizó por espectroscopia de fluorescencia y DLS. El comportamiento del tratamiento aplicado en frutos se evaluó durante 15 días, a través de los siguientes parámetros: pérdida de peso, color, sólidos solubles totales, acidez, índice de madurez y, contenido de Vitamina C. Los resultados evidencian una mejor apariencia en los frutos tratados respecto a los frutos sin tratar (Blanco) hasta los 12 días de almacenamiento.

Abstract The guava (Psidium guajava L.), is nutritious fruit which is of climacteric nature and highly perishable. This fruit is grown in Santander and Boyacá and 90% of its use is in the agro-based industry. Post-harvest losses of this fruit have a great impact on the economy of the region. In order to prolong the shelf life of the fruit, a post-harvest treatment based on the encapsulation of 3 mM citral in liposomal nanocontainers composed of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid and Lecithin was devised. The characterization of the nanocontainers encapsulating citral was performed by fluorescence and DLS spectroscopy. The treatment 's effectiveness in the fruits was evaluated for 15 days using the following parameters: weight loss, color, total soluble solids, acidity, ripening index, and Vitamin C concentration. The results show a better appearance in the treated fruits with respect to untreated fruits (Blank) for up to 12 days of storage.

Abstract In the Argentine Norpatagonia, a constant increase of the cherry production area has been observed in the last 5 years. Linked to this, there is an increase in the incidence of pests that requires specific control treatments. Currently, the number of insecticides registered for this crop is very low and in some cases it is not related to the effectiveness of control of the present pests. In addition, the international trade of fresh fruits requires knowledge of the decline of pesticides to reach the tolerances established by each buyer country and the secondary residue standards of commercialization if they exist. The objective of the present work is to analyze the decline of six insecticides of possible use according to the pests present in the region, and to determine their implications in the overseas commercial exchange. The insecticides studied were: abamectin, emamectin benzoate, lambdacyhalothrin, spinetoram, spirotetramate and methomyl. The fruit, pulverized and harvested at different periods after application, in Cmte Guerrico area, was analyzed by gas chromatography with mass-mass detector (GC-MS-MS) with a limit of quantification (LC) of 0.01 mg / kg and detection (LD) of 0.005 mg / kg. Most of the insecticides evaluated in sweet cherry fruits were found to be non-detectable at 45 days, with the exception of spirotetramate (0.01 ppm) and lambdacyhalothrin (0.03 ppm). At 14 days after spraying, the residues of abamectin, emamectin benzoate and spinetoram declined to values below 0.01 ppm. Each of these insecticides has different types of use limitations in terms of their registration and tolerance in the countries to which they wish to export sweet cherries. A particular analysis is carried out in each of them. This information is relevant, especially after the recent introduction to the region, of the exotic pest Drosophila suzukii. The productive cycle of the cherry cultivation is short and the pest affects the fruits from the veraison until the end of the harvest, for this reason the knowledge of the decline of the effective insecticides for its control, must be very precise. On the other hand, it is essential to design health intervention strategies integrating different types of tools, ensuring adequate management of resistance.

Resumen En la Norpatagonia argentina se observa, en los últimos 5 años, un constante incremento de la superficie cultivada con cerezos. Ligado a esto, se registra un aumento de la incidencia de plagas que obliga a realizar tratamientos de control específico. En la actualidad el número de insecticidas registrados para dicho cultivo es muy escaso y no siempre tiene relación con la eficacia de control de las plagas presentes. Además, el comercio internacional de frutos frescos requiere del conocimiento de la declinación de los plaguicidas para alcanzar las tolerancias establecidas por cada país comprador y los estándares secundarios de comercialización, si existieran. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la declinación de seis insecticidas de posible uso según las plagas presentes en la región y determinar sus implicancias en el intercambio comercial de ultramar. Los insecticidas estudiados fueron: abamectina, benzoato de emamectina, lambdacialotrina, spinetoram, spirotetramate y metomil. La fruta pulverizada y cosechada a diferentes períodos luego de la aplicación, en la localidad de Contralmte. Guerrico, fue analizada por cromatografía de gases con detector de masas-masas (GC-MS-MS) con un límite de cuantificación (LC) de 0,01 mg/kg y de detección (LD) de 0,005 mg/kg. La mayoría de los insecticidas evaluados en frutas de cereza resultaron no detectables a los 45 días, a excepción del spirotetramate (0,01 ppm) y lambdacialotrina (0,03 ppm). A los 14 días de la pulverización, los residuos de abamectina, benzoato de emamectina y spinetoram declinaron a valores inferiores a 0,01 ppm. Cada uno de estos insecticidas posee diferentes tipos de limitaciones de uso en cuanto a su registro y tolerancia en los países a los cuales se desea exportar cerezas. Se realiza un análisis particular en cada uno de ellos. Por una parte, esta información es relevante, especialmente luego de la reciente introducción a la región de la plaga exótica Drosophila suzukii. El ciclo productivo del cultivo de cerezos es corto y la plaga afecta los frutos desde el envero hasta el final de la cosecha, por esta razón el conocimiento de la declinación de los insecticidas eficaces para su control debe ser muy preciso. Por otra parte, es indispensable diseñar estrategias de intervención sanitarias integrando diferentes tipos de herramientas, asegurando un manejo adecuado de la resistencia a los plaguicidas.

RESUMO A tangerina ‘Arrayana’ (Citrus reticulata Blanco) é considerada a variedade mais cultivada na Colômbia. Apesar de ser uma fruta não climatérica, apresenta curta vida pós-colheita. Para avaliar os efeitos do tratamento térmico na injúria por frio e na vida útil dessa cultivar, frutos maduros foram selecionados e submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: fruto não tratado (controle); água quente a 50 ºC por 5 min; água quente a 53 ºC por 3 min; aquecimento intermitente em ciclos de 8 dias a 2 ºC + 1 dia a 18 ºC; e aquecimento intermitente em ciclos de 12 dias a 2 ºC + 1 dia a 18 ºC. Os frutos foram armazenados a 2 ºC por 40 dias e deixados por uma semana à temperatura ambiente. Os tratamentos térmicos diminuíram o dano por frio durante o período de vida útil dos frutos, sendo os tratamentos de aquecimento intermitentes os mais favoráveis (principalmente em ciclos de 12 dias a 2 ºC + 1 dia a 18 ºC), pois, além de diminuírem as lesões por frio e a liberação de eletrólitos, promoveram maior biossíntese de carotenoides e coloração da epiderme, sem efeitos negativos na qualidade interna dos frutos.

ABSTRACT The ‘Arrayana’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is considered the variety most widely grown in Colombia. Despite being a non-climacteric fruit, it has a short postharvest life. In order to evaluate the effects of thermal treatments on the chilling injury and shelf life time of this cultivar, ripe fruits were selected and submitted to the following treatments: non-treated fruit (control); hot water at 50 ºC for 5 min; hot water at 53 ºC for 3 min; intermittent warming in 8-day cycles at 2 ºC + 1 day at 18 ºC; and intermittent warming in 12-day cycles at 2 ºC + 1 day at 18 ºC. The fruits were stored at 2 ºC for 40 days and then left for one week at room temperature. The thermal treatments decreased the chilling injury in the mandarin fruits during the shelf life time, with the intermittent warming treatments being the most favourable ones (mainly in cycles of 12 days at 2 ºC + 1 day at 18 ºC), because, besides decreasing the chilling injuries and electrolytes leakage, they promoted a higher carotenoid biosynthesis and epidermis colouring, without negative effects on the fruit internal quality.

Abstract The litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn) is an internationally demanded fruit, grown in several states of Mexico with profitable prices, although with low yields. The objective of the research was to determine the effect of potassium and ringing on the yield and quality of the litchi cv Brewster fruit. A completely random block experiment was established, with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement with 10 repetitions. Factor A consisted of three levels of potassium (300, 600, 900 g tree-1). Factor B in two levels of banding in the branches (absence and presence), so that six resulting treatments were evaluated. The results indicate that the factors A and B, as well as their interaction, are determinant to increase the yield, although they affect little to the quality of the fruit. The levels of factor A and B that have the greatest effect on the yield, are 900 g of potassium and the presence of ringing respectively, so treatment six that combines both factors, records the highest performance. Low doses of potassium produce low yields, while ringing alone doubles it. The factors A and B present individual effects for the variables weight loss (PPF) and pH of the fruit, although the effect of the interaction only occurs for the pH. It is concluded that the contribution of 900 g tree-1 of potassium and the ringed in litchi trees, individually and combined positively affect the yield and little to the quality of the fruit.

Resumen El litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn) es una fruta demandada internacionalmente, cultivada en varios estados de México con precios rentables, aunque con bajos rendimientos. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar el efecto del potasio y del anillado en el rendimiento y calidad del fruto del litchi cv Brewster. Se estableció un experimento en bloques completamente al azar, con arreglo factorial 3 x 2 con 10 repeticiones. El factor A consistió en tres niveles de potasio (300, 600, 900 g árbol-1). El factor B en dos niveles de anillado en las ramas (ausencia y presencia), por lo que se evaluaron seis tratamientos resultantes. Los resultados indican que los factores A y B, así como su interacción, son determinante para incrementar el rendimiento, aunque afectan poco a la calidad del fruto. Los niveles del factor A y B que tienen mayor efecto sobre el rendimiento, son 900 g de potasio y la presencia del anillado respectivamente, por lo que el tratamiento seis que combina ambos factores, registra el mayor rendimiento. Las dosis bajas de potasio producen bajos rendimientos, mientras que el anillado por sí solo lo duplica. Los factores A y B presentan efectos individuales para las variables pérdida de peso (PPF) y pH del fruto, aunque el efecto de la interacción solo se presenta para el pH. Se concluye que el aporte de 900 g árbol-1 de potasio y el anillado en arboles de litchi, individualmente y combinado afectan positivamente el rendimiento y poco a la calidad del fruto.

Resumen En fresa, se ha estudiado poco la fertilización potásica, lo que complica las estrategias de manejo para aumentar la productividad, y para la comprensión de la utilización de este nutriente en el cultivo de la fresa. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de las fuentes y dosis de fertilizantes de potasio (K) en el rendimiento, la concentración de K, y las características agronómicas de la fruta de fresa cv. Camarosa, cultivada en condiciones de invernadero. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, con cuatro repeticiones, en un 6x3 factorial (seis tasas de K x tres fuentes de fertilizantes potásicos). Las fuentes utilizadas fueron sulfato de potasio, nitrato de potasio y cloruro de potasio aplicado en las siguientes tasas: 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 y 300 kg ha-1 de K2O. Las tasas crecientes de potasio permitieron un mayor contenido de potasio en hojas y frutos. El contenido de potasio más alto a nivel foliar más alto fue obtenido a través de KNO3 (11,70 g kg-1). El rendimiento, número de frutos por planta y la extracción de potasio por planta, aumentó linealmente con las dosis evaluadas y el peso medio del fruto a una dosis de 183 kg. ha-1. No hubo diferencia significativa entre las fuentes de potasio para el contenido foliar de potasio. La producción de fresa se maximiza mediante la fertilización potásica, independientemente del origen de la fuente.

Abstract In strawberry, potassium fertilization has been little studied, which difficult management strategies for an increasing yield and understanding the use of this nutrient in strawberry crop. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sources and rates of potassium (K) fertilizers on yield, K level and agronomic traits of strawberry cv. Camarosa fruit, carried out under greenhouse conditions. A randomized in a completely block design with four replicates in a factorial arranged 6x3 (six rates of potassium x three sources of potassium fertilizers), was performed. Fertilizers sources used were as follows: potassium sulphate, potassium nitrate and potassium chloride in 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 kg ha-1 K2O doses. An increasing potassium rates have allowed a higher potassium content in leaves and fruits. A higher potassium content in leaves was obtained by KNO3 (11.70 g kg-1). Yield, fruit number per plant and potassium extraction per plant, increased linearly with the evaluated doses and fruit average weight at a dose of 183 kg ha-1. There was no significant difference among potassium content in leaves. Strawberry production is maximized through potassium fertilization, independent of the source origin.